Dr. Marvin Marshall on Education and Parenting

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The Hawthorne Effect

The idea of communicating a caring interest to those with whom we work—as parents, teachers, administrators, or leaders—was first documented in a classic study on human relations and is known as the “Hawthorne Effect.” It emanated from a study that took place in the late 1920’s at Western Electric’s Hawthorne plant near Chicago.

Researchers went into the factory to see if, by increasing room lighting for a group of employees, the productivity would increase. Improvements did indeed seem to boost worker output. But much to their surprise, when the researchers analyzed a comparable group with no change in the lighting, their productivity also improved.

Further study and analysis of this puzzling result showed that productivity increased because the workers were delighted that management was showing some kind of interest in them. The very fact that workers knew they were receiving attention motivated them to try to improve. The workers felt that management cared about them and that they were valued.

Similarly, any person, regardless of age, who feels valued reaps the benefit of the Hawthorne Effect.

You See What You Expect

Parents, teachers—really anyone— find what they expect.

A man pulled into a gas station on the outskirts of town. As he filled his tank, he remarked to the attendant, “I’ve just accepted a job in town. I’ve never been to this part of the country. What are people like here?

“What are people like where you came from?” the attendant asked.

“Not so nice,” the man replied. “In fact, they can be quite rude.”

The attendant shook his head. “Well, I’m afraid you’ll find the people in this town to be the same way.”

Just then another car pulled into the station. “Excuse me,” the driver called out. “I’m on my way into town. I’m just moving to the area. Is it nice here?”

“Was it nice where you came from?” the attendant inquired.

“Oh yes! I came from a  great place. The people were friendly and I hated to leave.”

“Well, you’ll find the same true of this town.”

————

I traveled to New York City very often were I worked with schools in Upper Manhattan and Harlem. Before I started to travel to the Big Apple on a regular basis a few years ago, I had heard that people there were rude, abrupt, and not very friendly.

You probably know by now that my neural connections have been established to the point that—before I react—I reflect. In this situation, my self talk was “How can I turn this into a positive by finding New Yorkers nice?” And I did! I found  New Yorkers friendly, conversational, and delightful.

Myron Tribus, a renowned expert on improving quality, put it aptly when he said, “There is no such thing as immaculate perception. What you see depends upon what you thought before you looked. I looked through a positive perspective and found people as I hoped I would.

For Good Communications, Ask for Clarification

A short story about communications:

When the proud owner arrived at the vet to pick up his AKC (American Kennel Club) registered champion show dog, he noticed that the bill seemed awfully high for a bath and flea spray. So he mentioned that $100 seemed pretty pricey. That’s when he discovered his dog hadn’t been sprayed; it was spayed. The lawsuit that followed basically rendered the vet financially neutered.

The lesson in the story is to be sure that all those engaged in the discussion have the same meaning for what is being said. I was recently in a conversation where I totally misunderstood what my friend had said. Fortunately, I had resorted to my usual procedure: I asked for clarification.

Chris Gilissen—a dear friend I worked with when we were both assistant principals with the Huntington Beach Union High School District in Southern California—used to have a sign on his desk that read,
I KNOW YOU BELIEVE YOU UNDERSTOOD WHAT YOU THINK I SAID,
BUT I AM NOT SURE YOU REALIZE THAT WHAT YOU HEARD IS NOT WHAT I MEANT.

Don’t put a good relationship in jeopardy by assuming you know what the other person means. Ask for clarification.

Listening

Listening is the single most important of all communications skills. It is more important than stirring oratory, more important than a powerful voice, more important than the ability to speak multiple languages—more important than a flair for the written word.

Good listening is truly where effective communications and relationships begin. It’s surprising how few people really listen well. Those who do are the ones who have learned the SKILL of listening.

The simple truth of the matter is that people love being listened to. It’s true in the business world. It’s true at home. It’s true of just about everyone we come across in life.

Dale Carnegie wrote that the secret of influencing people lies not so much in being a good talker as in being a good listener. Most people who try to win others to their way of thinking do too much talking themselves.

To improve relationships—as well as your effectiveness— encourage the other person to talk by asking questions. Let the person share with you. If you disagree with them, you may be tempted to interrupt. Don’t. You will have your chance to share your ideas. Listen patiently and with an open mind. Be sincere. Encourage the person to express his or her ideas. Be supportive rather than listening with an agenda.

The person who you listen to with full attention will never forget. And you will learn a thing or two.

A Coercive vs. a Noncoercive Approach

Jim Cathcart (author of RELATIONSHIP SELLING and the ACORN PRINCIPLE and a sought-after international speaker) relates how he worked in the mountains in Arkansas repossessing vehicles when payments were not made on the loan.

Needless to say, he and what he was about to do, were not welcomed by the mountain men. As Jim was about to be ushered off the property, he would say, “OK, I’m leaving.” Then he added, “But look out for the guy who comes next time.”

“What do you mean?” would be the response. Jim then would describe that since he was not successful in getting any money towards the payment of the loan, the guy who would come collecting next was twice his size, not nearly so nice, and likely to be accompanied by the sheriff.

Somehow Jim would always get some money toward payment of the loan.

When he moved up the company ladder, his replacement was a veteran of the Marine Corps. A noncoercive approach is not the hallmark of these warriors. The former marine used the same tactics his drill instructors had used on him. Predictably, he met with resistance every time.

In fact, Jim’s replacement landed in the hospital for an extended stay only ten days after he was on the job.

Why did Jim succeed staying in good health and always reaching his objective of collecting some money while his successor was unsuccessful in both? The reason is that Jim behaved as a partner in problem solving and his replacement behaved as a “persuader.”

Need I explain the difference in effectiveness between a noncoercive vs. a coercive approach?

How to Improve Situations

If you look around at your family and friends, you will see that the happiest people are the ones who don’t pretend to know what’s right for others and don’t try to control anyone but themselves.

You will further see that the people who are most miserable are those who are always trying to control others. Even if they have a lot of power, the constant resistance in some form by the weaker people they are trying to control, deprives them of happiness.

If you try to control a friend, the friendship will be short-lived. Yet, sometimes we try to control those who are most dear to us. If we don’t use a controlling approach with friends because it would strain relationships, we might want to ponder whether using controlling approaches with those we really want to influence will be effective.

The fact of the matter is that you will rarely, if ever, solve a relationship problem by trying to make other people see that you are right and they are wrong.

On the other hand, you have probably never heard someone say, “I’m having a problem with what you are doing and I think I have to change what I do or we’ll never solve the problem.”

Yet, that IS the secret for improving relationships. Just keep it a secret! It’s not necessary to say it out loud, but it is essential to THINK IT.

In any relationship, rather than attempting to correct or control the other person, simply ask yourself, “What can I do to improve this situation?”   The result of YOUR decision to change what YOU do will create  an option—one that will be so much more effective in influencing the other person than any attempt to control.

Attentive Listening

Attentive listening is the most valuable tool we have for enriching the quality of relationships. Yet, it is often neglected.

Attentive listening means listening WITHOUT DISTRACTION. I have met very few people who have practiced this approach to the point of making it a skill.

My financial planner was one such person. Cory had the knack of conveying the feeling that, when you were with her, you had her undivided attention. I don’t know if she learned the skill or if it was just natural with her, but I remember the charismatic impression it made on me.

On the other hand, I also remember the negative feelings engendered while attempting to converse with a principal with whom I once worked. I felt I had just 30 seconds to get my point across; after 30 seconds, his attention went elsewhere.

I know of one person who was constantly interrupted whenever she was with her boss. One day she simply said, “Could you give me 10 minutes of uninterrupted time?” After the meeting, her boss told her that it was the best meeting they ever had. She agreed.

We send implicit messages by the way we listen.

As the chair of an accreditation team representing the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, I was sitting in the principal’s office. The meeting was in a large urban high school in the second largest school district in the nation. That year the school was celebrating its 100th anniversary. As I was conversing with the principal and the accrediting team, the principal kept answering the telephone. Aside from the rudeness, the implicit message was that the accreditation team’s evaluation of the high school was less important than his compunction to answer the phone.

If you have a tendency to wander after listening for a few minutes but want to improve you relationships, use this technique: Listen as if you were going to repeat back what is being said to you. This technique can help you resist any tendency to multitask—and that includes interrupting.

It is important to give young people your undivided attention when conversing with them. It sends the message that you acknowledge them. Almost above anything else, young people want to be acknowledged—especially teenagers. Don’t lose precious few moments of connection. In addition, your modeling will help them learn this important communication skill.

Let young children know ahead of time when you might be expecting an urgent phone call. That way, when your  play time is interrupted,  they will understand; they will understand  that their time with you is not secondary.

When it comes to listening, walking the talk means being conscious of and practicing the skill of attentive listening.

Relationship Keepers

My wife, Evelyn, and I presented a keynote session at a marriage conference in Honolulu, Hawaii. Our presentation was entitled, “HOW TO USE YOUR PARTNER’S DIFFERENCES OF OPINION TO YOUR ADVANTAGE.”

At the conclusion of the session, participants shared their “keepers”—those ideas which they thought were most meaningful to them.

Here are a few of them:
–Communicate using positive, rather than negative, messages.
–Empower by offering choices. No one loses when options are recognized.
–If you want the other to change, alter your own behavior first.
–Treat your princess as one, and she will become one.
–Treat your prince as one, and he will become one.
–Listen to learn. Your partner’s different take on a situation can be an opportunity to learn.
–Avoid listening in anticipation of what you think you will hear.
–Be curious when you listen—instead of judgmental.
–Express your desires. Give your partner the opportunity to help you.

The Horse Whisperer

Monty Roberts is a famous horse trainer—a model for the Robert Redford film, “The Horse Whisperer.” The trainer conducts demonstrations of how he trains wild mustangs. Monty grew up in central California and, at age 12, started observing them. He now puts his observations and experiences with horses to work with humans. As with the strategies I share, his approach is one of noncoercion to effect behavior changes and improve relationships. The strategy is in direct contrast to traditional approaches of using coercion.

Here is how he trains a wild mustang within 30 minutes in front of hundreds of people.

He gives instructions to the audience and emphasizes that, during the demonstration, there can be no movement. He admonishes the crowd that there can be no sound of any kind—that if anyone needs to go to he bathroom to go then because everyone must be absolutely still during the training. Monty explains that the horse listens intently, and any sound can spook him.

The wild horse is then let into the arena. The horse gallops around the ring 5, 10, 25 times before realizing he cannot escape and that there is no threat to his safety. The initial reaction by the animal is one of fear. (Especially with young people, fear turns into hostility because being afraid is unpleasant.)

The human then puts on a stance of attack. Monty rears up on one foot, knee bent, arms above his head, torso crooked, and grimaces by showing his top and bottom teeth. The horse panics. He gallops around the ring until he again concludes that nothing is going to happen to him.

Monty returns to his usual demeanor. Then the audience, on cue, simultaneously claps and hollers very loudly. The horse is spooked. He looks for safety.

Horses have the ability to classify. Classification means putting things into categories—things that are alike and different. In this case, safe or unsafe. In addition, as social animals that live together, horses have a basic need for belonging. They, like humans, relate with those with whom they feel safe.

After the arousal by the crowd and looking for a place of safety, the horse turns to and approaches the human. The trainer softly strokes the horse. The animal sought safety and found it. Monty starts walking around the ring. The horse follows. Monty does nothing TO the horse.

A few minutes later, another man—dressed just like Monty—enters the ring carrying a saddle and blanket. This man, like Monty, must also be safe.

The horse trusts the man. The saddle is put on. The horse is walked around the ring. The horse is softly stroked. Safety has been reinforced. Monty mounts—and horse and rider continue walking around the ring. The crowd goes wild!

Trust is really the foundation of any relationship. It assumes that you will be safe, that you will not be harmed.

With people, trust also carries with it an implicit message that the other person has your own best interests in mind. That is why we can accept criticism and even anger from those whom we trust. We know, deep down, that they really mean to help us.

Trust is an interesting quality because, once it is lost, it is hard to recapture. Many a relationship gasped its last breath on the words, “I just do not trust you any more.”

To have optimum relationships, all parties must feel a sense of trust, a sense of safety. The feeling must be that harm will not be forthcoming—physically, emotionally, or psychologically. The Discipline Without Stress Teaching Model is based on this principle.

Advice From My Mother

I was brought up on a principle my mother instilled in me, namely, “If you can’t say something nice about a person, then do not say anything at all.” In other words, refrain from negativism.

The advice of my mother found itself the bedrock of my first principle to reduce stress: POSITIVITY. I now think of it whenever something negative pops into my head or if I am about to say something that can be interpreted in a negative way. I immediately ask myself, “How can I say that in positive way?”

In building and improving relationships, its opposite—negativity—is the biggest enemy. You do not want it in your mind. You do not want it in your house. You do not want it in your environment. You do not want to express negativity to your associates, to those who may work for you, or to your friends. You do not want anything to do with it. When you see it, turn it around. If you can not turn it around, then you turn around and walk the other way.

How to  be positive is at parenting without stress.